diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e873c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# macOS metadata files
+._*
+.DS_Store
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e4cc120..43c1441 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -5,6 +5,16 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
+## [1.0.5] - 2026-01-17
+
+### ⚡ Improved
+- **初始化不卡 UI**：新增 `useRecognizerIsolate` 选项，将 sherpa_onnx recognizer 初始化/解码放到后台 isolate，避免初始化期间 UI 卡顿、进度动画不刷新
+- **RecordingButton 体验优化**：首次点击懒加载初始化时先让出一帧，确保加载动画能立即渲染
+
+### 🐛 Fixed
+- 修复 `RecordingButton` 中防抖延迟导致的测试 pending timers 问题（改为可取消 Timer 并在 dispose 清理）
+- 修复测试环境下部分平台 API 不可用导致的失败（增加必要的 mock/容错）
+
 ## [1.0.4] - 2025-01-23
 
 ### 🎉 Added - 多实例会话管理支持
diff --git a/example/lib/main.dart b/example/lib/main.dart
index 73824c2..a03278f 100644
--- a/example/lib/main.dart
+++ b/example/lib/main.dart
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
-import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
 import 'package:yx_asr/yx_asr.dart';
 
 void main() {
@@ -82,17 +81,19 @@ class _SpeechRecognitionPageState extends State<SpeechRecognitionPage> {
       );
 
       // 初始化服务 - 使用2023年模型
-      final success =
-          await _speechService.initializeWithDefaultModel(ModelConfig.zh2023);
+      final success = await _speechService.initializeWithDefaultModel(
+        ModelConfig.zh2023,
+        true,
+      );
 
       if (success) {
         // 监听识别结果
         _speechService.onResult.listen((result) {
-          print('📱 [Example] 接收到识别结果: "${result.recognizedWords}"');
+          debugPrint('📱 [Example] 接收到识别结果: "${result.recognizedWords}"');
           setState(() {
             // 更新当前识别的文本（实时显示）
             if (result.recognizedWords.isNotEmpty) {
-              print('📱 [Example] 实时识别: ${result.recognizedWords}');
+              debugPrint('📱 [Example] 实时识别: ${result.recognizedWords}');
               _currentText = result.recognizedWords;
             }
           });
@@ -402,12 +403,12 @@ class _SpeechRecognitionPageState extends State<SpeechRecognitionPage> {
       speechService: _speechService,
       size: 80,
       onResult: (result) {
-        print(
+        debugPrint(
             '📱 [Example] RecordingButton 接收到识别结果: "${result.recognizedWords}"');
         setState(() {
           if (result.recognizedWords.isNotEmpty) {
             // 所有结果都实时更新到输入框（移除最终结果的特殊处理）
-            print('📱 [Example] 实时识别，更新输入框: ${result.recognizedWords}');
+            debugPrint('📱 [Example] 实时识别，更新输入框: ${result.recognizedWords}');
             _currentText = result.recognizedWords;
 
             // 实时更新输入框内容 = 基础文本 + 当前识别文本
diff --git a/example/test/widget_test.dart b/example/test/widget_test.dart
index 2a6fa06..6b2d17d 100644
--- a/example/test/widget_test.dart
+++ b/example/test/widget_test.dart
@@ -1,30 +1,8 @@
-// This is a basic Flutter widget test.
-//
-// To perform an interaction with a widget in your test, use the WidgetTester
-// utility in the flutter_test package. For example, you can send tap and scroll
-// gestures. You can also use WidgetTester to find child widgets in the widget
-// tree, read text, and verify that the values of widget properties are correct.
-
-import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
 import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
 
-import 'package:yx_asr_example/main.dart';
-
 void main() {
-  testWidgets('Counter increments smoke test', (WidgetTester tester) async {
-    // // Build our app and trigger a frame.
-    // await tester.pumpWidget(const MyApp());
-
-    // // Verify that our counter starts at 0.
-    // expect(find.text('0'), findsOneWidget);
-    // expect(find.text('1'), findsNothing);
-
-    // // Tap the '+' icon and trigger a frame.
-    // await tester.tap(find.byIcon(Icons.add));
-    // await tester.pump();
-
-    // // Verify that our counter has incremented.
-    // expect(find.text('0'), findsNothing);
-    // expect(find.text('1'), findsOneWidget);
+  testWidgets('example 占位测试', (WidgetTester tester) async {
+    // 示例工程主要用于手动运行/演示，这里保留一个最小可执行测试用于 CI 冒烟
+    expect(true, isTrue);
   });
 }
diff --git a/lib/src/interfaces/speech_recognition_service.dart b/lib/src/interfaces/speech_recognition_service.dart
index 89f9ef3..086d733 100644
--- a/lib/src/interfaces/speech_recognition_service.dart
+++ b/lib/src/interfaces/speech_recognition_service.dart
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import '../models/speech_recognition_result.dart';
 import '../models/speech_recognition_error.dart';
 
 /// 语音识别服务的抽象接口
-/// 
+///
 /// 定义了语音识别服务必须实现的核心功能，
 /// 支持不同的语音识别实现（如 sherpa_onnx、原生API等）
 abstract class SpeechRecognitionService {
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ abstract class SpeechRecognitionService {
   Future<bool> hasPermission();
 
   /// 初始化语音识别服务
-  /// 
+  ///
   /// [config] - 初始化配置参数
   Future<bool> initialize(Map<String, dynamic> config);
 
   /// 开始语音识别
-  /// 
+  ///
   /// [partialResults] - 是否返回部分结果
   Future<void> startListening({bool partialResults = true});
 
@@ -52,16 +52,16 @@ abstract class SpeechRecognitionService {
 class SpeechRecognitionConfig {
   /// 模型路径（用于离线识别）
   final String? modelPath;
-  
+
   /// 语言区域标识
   final String? localeId;
-  
+
   /// 采样率
   final int sampleRate;
-  
+
   /// 是否使用设备端识别
   final bool onDevice;
-  
+
   /// 自定义配置参数
   final Map<String, dynamic> customConfig;
 
diff --git a/lib/src/widgets/recording_button.dart b/lib/src/widgets/recording_button.dart
index 205f99d..27918c5 100644
--- a/lib/src/widgets/recording_button.dart
+++ b/lib/src/widgets/recording_button.dart
@@ -85,18 +85,29 @@ class RecordingButton extends StatefulWidget {
   State<RecordingButton> createState() => _RecordingButtonState();
 }
 
-class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderStateMixin {
-  late SpeechRecognitionService _speechService;
+class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton>
+    with TickerProviderStateMixin {
+  // 🔧 改为 nullable，避免 dispose 时访问未初始化的 late 变量
+  SpeechRecognitionService? _speechService;
   late String _sessionId; // 🆕 会话ID
   bool _isListening = false;
   bool _isInitialized = false;
+  bool _isInitializing = false; // 🆕 防止重复初始化
   bool _isProcessing = false; // 防抖标志
   late AnimationController _animationController;
   late Animation<double> _scaleAnimation;
 
+  // 🆕 脉冲动画控制器 - 用于首次加载时的视觉反馈
+  late AnimationController _pulseController;
+  late Animation<double> _pulseAnimation;
+
   // 🆕 会话流订阅
   StreamSubscription<SpeechRecognitionResult>? _resultSubscription;
   StreamSubscription<bool>? _statusSubscription;
+  StreamSubscription<SpeechRecognitionError>? _errorSubscription;
+
+  // 防抖计时器：用于延迟复位 _isProcessing，避免快速连点
+  Timer? _processingResetTimer;
 
   @override
   void initState() {
@@ -107,7 +118,8 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
         'btn_${widget.key?.toString() ?? DateTime.now().millisecondsSinceEpoch}';
 
     _setupAnimation();
-    _initializeService();
+    // 🔧 移除同步初始化，改为懒加载 - 解决页面进入时的卡顿问题
+    // _initializeService();  // 不再在 initState 中调用
   }
 
   void _setupAnimation() {
@@ -118,17 +130,44 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
     _scaleAnimation = Tween<double>(
       begin: 1.0,
       end: 1.1,
-    ).animate(CurvedAnimation(parent: _animationController, curve: Curves.easeInOut));
+    ).animate(
+        CurvedAnimation(parent: _animationController, curve: Curves.easeInOut));
+
+    // 🆕 脉冲动画 - 首次加载时持续脉冲
+    _pulseController = AnimationController(
+      duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 800),
+      vsync: this,
+    );
+    _pulseAnimation = Tween<double>(
+      begin: 0.95,
+      end: 1.05,
+    ).animate(
+        CurvedAnimation(parent: _pulseController, curve: Curves.easeInOut));
   }
 
   Future<void> _initializeService() async {
+    // 如果之前初始化过（或初始化失败重试），先清理旧订阅，避免重复回调/泄漏
+    await _resultSubscription?.cancel();
+    await _statusSubscription?.cancel();
+    await _errorSubscription?.cancel();
+    _resultSubscription = null;
+    _statusSubscription = null;
+    _errorSubscription = null;
+
+    // 如果已有服务且支持会话，先注销旧会话（防止残留）
+    final oldService = _speechService;
+    if (oldService is YxAsrService) {
+      oldService.unregisterSession(_sessionId);
+    }
+
     // 使用注入的服务或创建默认服务
     _speechService = widget.speechService ?? YxAsrService();
+    final service = _speechService!; // 后续使用非空引用
 
     try {
       // 检查权限
-      if (!await _speechService.hasPermission()) {
-        final granted = await _speechService.requestPermission();
+      if (!await service.hasPermission()) {
+        final granted = await service.requestPermission();
         if (!granted) {
           widget.onError?.call(
             SpeechRecognitionError(
@@ -137,34 +176,44 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
               errorCode: null,
             ),
           );
+          if (mounted) {
+            setState(() {
+              _isInitialized = false;
+            });
+          }
           return;
         }
       }
 
       // 初始化服务
-      final success = await _speechService.initialize({'modelPath': widget.modelPath});
+      final success = await service.initialize({
+        'modelPath': widget.modelPath,
+        // ✅ 关键：把 sherpa_onnx recognizer 初始化/解码放到后台 isolate，避免 UI 线程卡住导致进度圈不转
+        'useRecognizerIsolate': true,
+      });
 
       if (success) {
         // 🆕 如果服务支持会话管理，使用会话流
-        if (_speechService is YxAsrService) {
-          final service = _speechService as YxAsrService;
-
+        if (service is YxAsrService) {
           // 注册会话
           service.registerSession(sessionId: _sessionId);
           debugPrint('🎤 [RecordingButton] 注册会话: $_sessionId');
 
           // 🆕 监听该会话的结果流
-          _resultSubscription = service.getResultStreamForSession(_sessionId).listen((result) {
-            debugPrint('🎤 [RecordingButton $_sessionId] 收到结果: ${result.recognizedWords}');
+          _resultSubscription =
+              service.getResultStreamForSession(_sessionId).listen((result) {
+            debugPrint(
+                '🎤 [RecordingButton $_sessionId] 收到结果: ${result.recognizedWords}');
             widget.onResult?.call(result);
           });
 
           // 🆕 监听该会话的状态流
-          _statusSubscription = service.getStatusStreamForSession(_sessionId).listen((isListening) {
+          _statusSubscription = service
+              .getStatusStreamForSession(_sessionId)
+              .listen((isListening) {
             debugPrint('🎤 [RecordingButton $_sessionId] 状态变化: $isListening');
-            setState(() {
-              _isListening = isListening;
-            });
+            if (!mounted) return;
+            setState(() => _isListening = isListening);
             if (isListening) {
               _animationController.forward();
             } else {
@@ -174,14 +223,15 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
           });
 
           // 监听错误流（全局）
-          service.onError.listen(widget.onError ?? (_) {});
+          _errorSubscription = service.onError.listen(widget.onError ?? (_) {});
         } else {
           // 向后兼容：使用全局流
-          _resultSubscription = _speechService.onResult.listen(widget.onResult ?? (_) {});
-          _statusSubscription = _speechService.onListeningStatusChanged.listen((isListening) {
-            setState(() {
-              _isListening = isListening;
-            });
+          _resultSubscription =
+              service.onResult.listen(widget.onResult ?? (_) {});
+          _statusSubscription =
+              service.onListeningStatusChanged.listen((isListening) {
+            if (!mounted) return;
+            setState(() => _isListening = isListening);
             if (isListening) {
               _animationController.forward();
             } else {
@@ -189,13 +239,22 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
             }
             widget.onListeningStatusChanged?.call(isListening);
           });
-          _speechService.onError.listen(widget.onError ?? (_) {});
+          _errorSubscription = service.onError.listen(widget.onError ?? (_) {});
         }
+      } else {
+        // 初始化返回 false 时也给出明确错误（否则用户只看到无反应）
+        widget.onError?.call(
+          SpeechRecognitionError(
+            errorType: SpeechRecognitionErrorType.service,
+            errorMsg: '初始化失败: initialize() 返回 false',
+            errorCode: null,
+          ),
+        );
       }
 
-      setState(() {
-        _isInitialized = success;
-      });
+      if (mounted) {
+        setState(() => _isInitialized = success);
+      }
     } catch (e) {
       widget.onError?.call(
         SpeechRecognitionError(
@@ -204,21 +263,70 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
           errorCode: null,
         ),
       );
+      if (mounted) {
+        setState(() {
+          _isInitialized = false;
+        });
+      }
     }
   }
 
   Future<void> _toggleRecording() async {
-    // 防抖检查：如果正在处理中或未初始化或被禁用，则直接返回
-    if (_isProcessing || !_isInitialized || !widget.enabled) return;
+    // 防抖检查：如果正在处理中或被禁用，则直接返回
+    if (_isProcessing || !widget.enabled) return;
+
+    // 🔧 懒加载初始化：首次点击时进行初始化
+    if (!_isInitialized && !_isInitializing) {
+      _isInitializing = true;
+      if (mounted) {
+        setState(() {
+          _isProcessing = true; // 显示加载状态
+        });
+      }
+
+      // 🆕 启动脉冲动画 - 提供视觉反馈
+      _pulseController.repeat(reverse: true);
+
+      // 关键：先让出一次事件循环/渲染帧，确保进度圈能开始转（避免后续初始化同步重任务卡住首帧）
+      await Future<void>.delayed(Duration.zero);
+
+      debugPrint('🔧 [RecordingButton] 懒加载初始化开始...');
+      await _initializeService();
+      if (!mounted) return;
+      debugPrint('🔧 [RecordingButton] 懒加载初始化完成, 状态: $_isInitialized');
+
+      // 🆕 停止脉冲动画
+      _pulseController.stop();
+      _pulseController.reset();
+
+      _isInitializing = false;
+
+      if (!_isInitialized) {
+        // 初始化失败，重置状态并返回
+        setState(() {
+          _isProcessing = false;
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 如果正在初始化中（另一个点击触发的），或初始化失败，直接返回
+    if (_isInitializing || !_isInitialized) return;
 
     // 设置处理中标志，防止重复点击
-    setState(() {
-      _isProcessing = true;
-    });
+    if (mounted) {
+      setState(() {
+        _isProcessing = true;
+      });
+    }
 
     try {
-      // 触觉反馈
-      await HapticFeedback.lightImpact();
+      // 触觉反馈：不应阻塞/影响核心录音流程（测试环境/部分平台可能无实现或耗时）
+      try {
+        unawaited(HapticFeedback.lightImpact());
+      } catch (_) {
+        // ignore
+      }
 
       // 播放点击动画
       _animationController.forward().then((_) {
@@ -226,19 +334,20 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
       });
 
       // 🆕 使用会话方法（如果服务支持）
-      if (_speechService is YxAsrService) {
-        final service = _speechService as YxAsrService;
+      final service = _speechService!; // 此处已通过 _isInitialized 检查，保证非空
+      if (service is YxAsrService) {
         if (_isListening) {
           await service.stopListeningForSession(_sessionId);
         } else {
-          await service.startListeningForSession(_sessionId, partialResults: widget.partialResults);
+          await service.startListeningForSession(_sessionId,
+              partialResults: widget.partialResults);
         }
       } else {
         // 向后兼容：使用全局方法
         if (_isListening) {
-          await _speechService.stopListening();
+          await service.stopListening();
         } else {
-          await _speechService.startListening(partialResults: widget.partialResults);
+          await service.startListening(partialResults: widget.partialResults);
         }
       }
     } catch (e) {
@@ -250,8 +359,9 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
         ),
       );
     } finally {
-      // 延迟重置处理标志，确保有足够的防抖时间
-      Future.delayed(const Duration(milliseconds: 300), () {
+      // 延迟重置处理标志，确保有足够的防抖时间（可取消，避免 dispose 后残留计时器）
+      _processingResetTimer?.cancel();
+      _processingResetTimer = Timer(const Duration(milliseconds: 300), () {
         if (mounted) {
           setState(() {
             _isProcessing = false;
@@ -263,23 +373,29 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
 
   @override
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    // 🔧 颜色逻辑优化：初始化中保持蓝色，不变灰
     Color iconColor;
-    if (!widget.enabled || !_isInitialized) {
+    if (!widget.enabled) {
       iconColor = widget.disabledColor ?? Colors.grey[850]!;
+    } else if (_isInitializing) {
+      // 🆕 初始化中：保持蓝色，表示正在准备
+      iconColor = widget.idleColor ?? const Color(0xFF2196F3);
+    } else if (_isListening) {
+      iconColor = widget.recordingColor ?? const Color(0xFFFF5252);
     } else {
-      iconColor = _isListening
-          ? (widget.recordingColor ?? const Color(0xFFFF5252))
-          : (widget.idleColor ?? const Color(0xFF2196F3));
+      iconColor = widget.idleColor ?? const Color(0xFF2196F3);
     }
 
-    Widget button = AnimatedBuilder(
+    Widget buttonContent = AnimatedBuilder(
       animation: _scaleAnimation,
       builder: (context, child) {
         return Container(
           width: widget.size,
           height: widget.size,
           decoration: BoxDecoration(
-            color: iconColor.withValues(alpha: 0.12),
+            // 兼容 flutter >= 3.0.0：避免使用较新的 Color.withValues，同时避开 withOpacity 的弃用提示
+            // 0.12 * 255 ≈ 31
+            color: iconColor.withAlpha(31),
             shape: BoxShape.circle,
           ),
           child: Material(
@@ -313,7 +429,8 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
                         height: widget.size,
                         child: CircularProgressIndicator(
                           strokeWidth: 2,
-                          valueColor: AlwaysStoppedAnimation<Color>(Colors.white),
+                          valueColor: AlwaysStoppedAnimation<Color>(
+                              _isInitializing ? iconColor : Colors.white),
                         ),
                       ),
                     ),
@@ -324,6 +441,16 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
         );
       },
     );
+    // 🆕 初始化中时包裹脉冲动画
+    Widget button;
+    if (_isInitializing) {
+      button = ScaleTransition(
+        scale: _pulseAnimation,
+        child: buttonContent,
+      );
+    } else {
+      button = buttonContent;
+    }
 
     if (widget.tooltip != null) {
       button = Tooltip(message: widget.tooltip!, child: button);
@@ -337,15 +464,18 @@ class _RecordingButtonState extends State<RecordingButton> with TickerProviderSt
     // 🆕 取消流订阅
     _resultSubscription?.cancel();
     _statusSubscription?.cancel();
+    _errorSubscription?.cancel();
+    _processingResetTimer?.cancel();
 
-    // 🆕 注销会话
-    if (_speechService is YxAsrService) {
+    // 🆕 注销会话 (添加空值检查，避免未初始化时崩溃)
+    if (_speechService != null && _speechService is YxAsrService) {
       final service = _speechService as YxAsrService;
       service.unregisterSession(_sessionId);
       debugPrint('🎤 [RecordingButton] 注销会话: $_sessionId');
     }
 
     _animationController.dispose();
+    _pulseController.dispose(); // 🆕 释放脉冲动画控制器
     super.dispose();
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/src/yx_asr_service.dart b/lib/src/yx_asr_service.dart
index 8942c01..90509d6 100644
--- a/lib/src/yx_asr_service.dart
+++ b/lib/src/yx_asr_service.dart
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import 'dart:async';
 import 'dart:io';
+import 'dart:isolate';
 import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart';
 import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
 import 'package:path_provider/path_provider.dart';
@@ -158,7 +159,8 @@ class AdvancedRecognitionConfig {
   );
 
   /// 高质量模式预设
-  static const AdvancedRecognitionConfig highQuality = AdvancedRecognitionConfig(
+  static const AdvancedRecognitionConfig highQuality =
+      AdvancedRecognitionConfig(
     decodingMethod: DecodingMethod.modifiedBeamSearch,
     maxActivePaths: 8,
     enableEndpoint: true,
@@ -179,13 +181,14 @@ class RecognitionResult {
   final double confidence;
   final DateTime timestamp;
 
-  RecognitionResult({required this.text, required this.confidence, required this.timestamp});
+  RecognitionResult(
+      {required this.text, required this.confidence, required this.timestamp});
 
   Map<String, dynamic> toJson() => {
-    'text': text,
-    'confidence': confidence,
-    'timestamp': timestamp.toIso8601String(),
-  };
+        'text': text,
+        'confidence': confidence,
+        'timestamp': timestamp.toIso8601String(),
+      };
 }
 
 /// 🆕 单个会话的状态管理
@@ -204,12 +207,13 @@ class _SessionState {
   final DateTime createdAt;
 
   _SessionState(this.sessionId)
-    : isActive = false,
-      lastRecognizedText = '',
-      createdAt = DateTime.now();
+      : isActive = false,
+        lastRecognizedText = '',
+        createdAt = DateTime.now();
 
   @override
-  String toString() => '_SessionState(id: $sessionId, active: $isActive, created: $createdAt)';
+  String toString() =>
+      '_SessionState(id: $sessionId, active: $isActive, created: $createdAt)';
 }
 
 /// 基于 sherpa_onnx 的完整语音识别实现
@@ -244,19 +248,30 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   SampleRate _sampleRate = SampleRate.standard;
 
   // 高级识别配置
-  AdvancedRecognitionConfig _advancedConfig = AdvancedRecognitionConfig.balanced;
+  AdvancedRecognitionConfig _advancedConfig =
+      AdvancedRecognitionConfig.balanced;
 
   // 事件流控制器
   final StreamController<SpeechRecognitionResult> _resultController =
       StreamController<SpeechRecognitionResult>.broadcast();
   final StreamController<SpeechRecognitionError> _errorController =
       StreamController<SpeechRecognitionError>.broadcast();
-  final StreamController<bool> _statusController = StreamController<bool>.broadcast();
+  final StreamController<bool> _statusController =
+      StreamController<bool>.broadcast();
 
   // 定时器和订阅
   Timer? _recognitionTimer;
   StreamSubscription<Uint8List>? _audioSubscription;
 
+  // ==================== 🆕 后台 recognizer isolate（可选） ====================
+  bool _useRecognizerIsolate = false;
+  Isolate? _recognizerIsolate;
+  SendPort? _recognizerCommandPort;
+  StreamSubscription? _recognizerEventSubscription;
+  int _recognizerRequestId = 0;
+  final Map<int, Completer<Map<String, dynamic>>> _recognizerPending =
+      <int, Completer<Map<String, dynamic>>>{};
+
   // 🆕 会话管理相关字段
   /// 所有已注册的会话状态
   final Map<String, _SessionState> _sessions = {};
@@ -265,7 +280,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   String? _activeSessionId;
 
   /// 每个会话的结果流控制器
-  final Map<String, StreamController<SpeechRecognitionResult>> _sessionResultControllers = {};
+  final Map<String, StreamController<SpeechRecognitionResult>>
+      _sessionResultControllers = {};
 
   /// 每个会话的状态流控制器
   final Map<String, StreamController<bool>> _sessionStatusControllers = {};
@@ -312,7 +328,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   /// [speed] - 识别速度配置
   void setRecognitionSpeed(RecognitionSpeed speed) {
     _recognitionSpeed = speed;
-    debugPrint('🔧 [YxAsr] 识别速度设置为: ${speed.description} (${speed.milliseconds}ms)');
+    debugPrint(
+        '🔧 [YxAsr] 识别速度设置为: ${speed.description} (${speed.milliseconds}ms)');
   }
 
   /// 获取当前识别速度
@@ -324,7 +341,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   /// 注意：需要在初始化之前设置，或重新初始化后生效
   void setSampleRate(SampleRate sampleRate) {
     _sampleRate = sampleRate;
-    debugPrint('🔧 [YxAsr] 采样率设置为: ${sampleRate.description} (${sampleRate.hz}Hz)');
+    debugPrint(
+        '🔧 [YxAsr] 采样率设置为: ${sampleRate.description} (${sampleRate.hz}Hz)');
   }
 
   /// 获取当前采样率
@@ -440,12 +458,15 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       // 构建模型配置
       print('🔍 [YxAsr] 构建识别器配置...');
       debugPrint('🔧 [YxAsr] 使用采样率: ${_sampleRate.description}');
-      debugPrint('🔧 [YxAsr] 解码方法: ${_advancedConfig.decodingMethod.description}');
+      debugPrint(
+          '🔧 [YxAsr] 解码方法: ${_advancedConfig.decodingMethod.description}');
       debugPrint('🔧 [YxAsr] 最大活跃路径: ${_advancedConfig.maxActivePaths}');
-      debugPrint('🔧 [YxAsr] 端点检测: ${_advancedConfig.enableEndpoint ? "启用" : "禁用"}');
+      debugPrint(
+          '🔧 [YxAsr] 端点检测: ${_advancedConfig.enableEndpoint ? "启用" : "禁用"}');
 
       final config = OnlineRecognizerConfig(
-        feat: FeatureConfig(sampleRate: _sampleRate.hz, featureDim: _advancedConfig.featureDim),
+        feat: FeatureConfig(
+            sampleRate: _sampleRate.hz, featureDim: _advancedConfig.featureDim),
         model: OnlineModelConfig(
           transducer: OnlineTransducerModelConfig(
             encoder: encoderPath,
@@ -468,18 +489,41 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
         blankPenalty: _advancedConfig.blankPenalty,
       );
 
-      // 初始化 sherpa-onnx 绑定
-      print('🔍 [YxAsr] 初始化 sherpa-onnx 绑定...');
-      initBindings();
+      if (_useRecognizerIsolate) {
+        // ✅ 关键：把 initBindings + OnlineRecognizer 创建搬到后台 isolate，避免卡住 UI 线程
+        print('🔍 [YxAsr] 使用后台 isolate 初始化 recognizer（避免卡 UI）...');
+        final ok = await _initializeRecognizerInIsolate(
+          encoderPath: encoderPath,
+          decoderPath: decoderPath,
+          joinerPath: joinerPath,
+          tokensPath: tokensPath,
+          sampleRate: _sampleRate.hz,
+          featureDim: _advancedConfig.featureDim,
+          decodingMethod: _advancedConfig.decodingMethod.value,
+          maxActivePaths: _advancedConfig.maxActivePaths,
+          enableEndpoint: _advancedConfig.enableEndpoint,
+          rule1MinTrailingSilence: _advancedConfig.rule1MinTrailingSilence,
+          rule2MinTrailingSilence: _advancedConfig.rule2MinTrailingSilence,
+          rule3MinUtteranceLength: _advancedConfig.rule3MinUtteranceLength,
+          blankPenalty: _advancedConfig.blankPenalty,
+        );
+        if (!ok) {
+          throw Exception('后台 isolate 初始化 recognizer 失败');
+        }
+      } else {
+        // 初始化 sherpa-onnx 绑定
+        print('🔍 [YxAsr] 初始化 sherpa-onnx 绑定...');
+        initBindings();
 
-      // 创建在线识别器实例
-      print('🔍 [YxAsr] 创建在线识别器实例...');
-      try {
-        _recognizer = OnlineRecognizer(config);
-        print('🔍 [YxAsr] 在线识别器创建成功');
-      } catch (e) {
-        print('❌ [YxAsr] 在线识别器创建失败: $e');
-        throw e;
+        // 创建在线识别器实例
+        print('🔍 [YxAsr] 创建在线识别器实例...');
+        try {
+          _recognizer = OnlineRecognizer(config);
+          print('🔍 [YxAsr] 在线识别器创建成功');
+        } catch (e) {
+          print('❌ [YxAsr] 在线识别器创建失败: $e');
+          throw e;
+        }
       }
 
       _currentModelPath = modelPath;
@@ -500,7 +544,7 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   /// 采样率使用 setSampleRate() 设置的值
   Future<void> startListening({bool partialResults = true}) async {
     try {
-      if (!_isInitialized || _recognizer == null) {
+      if (!_isInitialized || (!_useRecognizerIsolate && _recognizer == null)) {
         throw Exception('识别器未初始化，请先调用 initializeWithModel()');
       }
 
@@ -518,21 +562,32 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       _isStartingRecording = true;
 
       try {
-        // 先创建音频流用于识别
-        _stream = _recognizer!.createStream();
-        debugPrint('🔧 [YxAsr] 音频流已创建: ${_stream != null}');
+        if (_useRecognizerIsolate) {
+          final started = await _recognizerIsolateStart(
+            partialResults: partialResults,
+            speedMs: _recognitionSpeed.milliseconds,
+            sampleRate: _sampleRate.hz,
+          );
+          if (!started) {
+            throw Exception('后台 isolate 启动识别失败');
+          }
+        } else {
+          // 先创建音频流用于识别
+          _stream = _recognizer!.createStream();
+          debugPrint('🔧 [YxAsr] 音频流已创建: ${_stream != null}');
 
-        // 验证音频流创建是否成功
-        if (_stream == null) {
-          throw Exception('音频流创建失败');
-        }
+          // 验证音频流创建是否成功
+          if (_stream == null) {
+            throw Exception('音频流创建失败');
+          }
 
-        // 等待一小段时间确保流创建完成
-        await Future.delayed(const Duration(milliseconds: 100));
+          // 等待一小段时间确保流创建完成
+          await Future.delayed(const Duration(milliseconds: 100));
 
-        // 再次验证音频流状态
-        if (_stream == null) {
-          throw Exception('音频流在等待后变为null');
+          // 再次验证音频流状态
+          if (_stream == null) {
+            throw Exception('音频流在等待后变为null');
+          }
         }
 
         // 开始音频录制
@@ -542,8 +597,10 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
         _lastRecognizedText = ''; // 重置上次识别的文本
         _statusController.add(true);
 
-        // 开始识别循环处理
-        _startRecognitionLoop(partialResults);
+        if (!_useRecognizerIsolate) {
+          // 开始识别循环处理（主 isolate）
+          _startRecognitionLoop(partialResults);
+        }
 
         debugPrint('✅ [YxAsr] 录音启动成功');
       } finally {
@@ -592,17 +649,19 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       _isListening = false;
       _statusController.add(false);
 
-      // 停止识别循环定时器
-      _recognitionTimer?.cancel();
-      _recognitionTimer = null;
+      // 停止识别循环（主 isolate / 后台 isolate）
+      if (_useRecognizerIsolate) {
+        await _recognizerIsolateStop();
+      } else {
+        _recognitionTimer?.cancel();
+        _recognitionTimer = null;
+      }
 
       // 停止音频录制
       await _stopAudioRecording();
 
       // 重置流，准备下次识别
-      if (_stream != null) {
-        _stream = null;
-      }
+      _stream = null;
 
       debugPrint('✅ [YxAsr] 识别已停止');
     } catch (e) {
@@ -616,8 +675,12 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   /// 取消语音识别
   Future<void> cancel() async {
     await _stopAudioRecording();
-    _recognitionTimer?.cancel();
-    _recognitionTimer = null;
+    if (_useRecognizerIsolate) {
+      await _recognizerIsolateStop();
+    } else {
+      _recognitionTimer?.cancel();
+      _recognitionTimer = null;
+    }
     _isListening = false;
     _statusController.add(false);
   }
@@ -634,7 +697,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
 
     if (!_sessions.containsKey(id)) {
       _sessions[id] = _SessionState(id);
-      _sessionResultControllers[id] = StreamController<SpeechRecognitionResult>.broadcast();
+      _sessionResultControllers[id] =
+          StreamController<SpeechRecognitionResult>.broadcast();
       _sessionStatusControllers[id] = StreamController<bool>.broadcast();
       debugPrint('📝 [YxAsr] 注册会话: $id (总计: ${_sessions.length} 个会话)');
     } else {
@@ -676,7 +740,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   ///
   /// [sessionId] - 会话ID
   /// [partialResults] - 是否返回部分结果
-  Future<void> startListeningForSession(String sessionId, {bool partialResults = true}) async {
+  Future<void> startListeningForSession(String sessionId,
+      {bool partialResults = true}) async {
     try {
       // 检查会话是否存在
       if (!_sessions.containsKey(sessionId)) {
@@ -684,7 +749,9 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       }
 
       // 如果有其他会话正在录音，先停止
-      if (_activeSessionId != null && _activeSessionId != sessionId && _isListening) {
+      if (_activeSessionId != null &&
+          _activeSessionId != sessionId &&
+          _isListening) {
         debugPrint('⚠️ [YxAsr] 停止其他会话 $_activeSessionId，切换到 $sessionId');
         await stopListeningForSession(_activeSessionId!);
       }
@@ -700,7 +767,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       _sessions[sessionId]!.isActive = true;
       _sessions[sessionId]!.lastRecognizedText = '';
 
-      debugPrint('🎤 [YxAsr] 会话 $sessionId 开始录音 (partialResults: $partialResults)');
+      debugPrint(
+          '🎤 [YxAsr] 会话 $sessionId 开始录音 (partialResults: $partialResults)');
 
       // 调用原有的 startListening 逻辑
       await startListening(partialResults: partialResults);
@@ -721,7 +789,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       }
 
       // 通知错误
-      _sendErrorForSession(sessionId, SpeechRecognitionErrorType.service, '开始录音失败: $e', null);
+      _sendErrorForSession(
+          sessionId, SpeechRecognitionErrorType.service, '开始录音失败: $e', null);
       rethrow;
     }
   }
@@ -738,7 +807,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
 
     // 检查是否是活跃会话
     if (_activeSessionId != sessionId) {
-      debugPrint('⚠️ [YxAsr] 会话 $sessionId 不是活跃会话（活跃: $_activeSessionId），忽略停止请求');
+      debugPrint(
+          '⚠️ [YxAsr] 会话 $sessionId 不是活跃会话（活跃: $_activeSessionId），忽略停止请求');
       return;
     }
 
@@ -758,7 +828,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       debugPrint('✅ [YxAsr] 会话 $sessionId 录音已停止');
     } catch (e) {
       debugPrint('❌ [YxAsr] 会话 $sessionId 停止录音失败: $e');
-      _sendErrorForSession(sessionId, SpeechRecognitionErrorType.service, '停止录音失败: $e', null);
+      _sendErrorForSession(
+          sessionId, SpeechRecognitionErrorType.service, '停止录音失败: $e', null);
     }
   }
 
@@ -787,7 +858,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   }
 
   /// 🆕 为特定会话发送识别结果
-  void _sendResultForSession(String sessionId, {required String recognizedWords}) {
+  void _sendResultForSession(String sessionId,
+      {required String recognizedWords}) {
     if (_sessionResultControllers.containsKey(sessionId)) {
       // 检查是否与上次结果相同（去重）
       if (_sessions[sessionId]?.lastRecognizedText == recognizedWords) {
@@ -857,6 +929,9 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       return false;
     }
 
+    // 可选：把 recognizer 初始化/解码搬到后台 isolate，避免 UI 卡顿
+    _useRecognizerIsolate = config['useRecognizerIsolate'] == true;
+
     // 使用项目中的模型文件路径
     final modelPath = config['modelPath'] as String? ?? 'assets/models';
     print('🔍 [YxAsr] 使用模型路径: $modelPath');
@@ -865,11 +940,20 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   }
 
   /// 便捷初始化方法
-  Future<bool> initializeWithDefaultModel([String? modelPath]) async {
+  ///
+  /// [useRecognizerIsolate] 为 true 时会把 sherpa_onnx recognizer 初始化/解码放到后台 isolate，
+  /// 避免 UI 线程卡顿（推荐在 UI 场景开启）。
+  Future<bool> initializeWithDefaultModel([
+    String? modelPath,
+    bool useRecognizerIsolate = false,
+  ]) async {
     // 如果没有指定路径，使用项目中的模型文件
     final defaultPath = modelPath ?? 'assets/models';
     print('🔍 [YxAsr] initializeWithDefaultModel() 被调用，使用路径: $defaultPath');
-    return await initialize({'modelPath': defaultPath});
+    return await initialize({
+      'modelPath': defaultPath,
+      'useRecognizerIsolate': useRecognizerIsolate,
+    });
   }
 
   /// 开始音频录制
@@ -890,12 +974,29 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
       _audioSubscription = stream.listen(
         (audioData) {
           // 多重状态检查，确保所有条件都满足
-          if (_stream != null && _recognizer != null && _isListening && !_isStartingRecording) {
-            // 将音频数据转换为 Float32List 格式
-            final samples = _convertToFloat32(audioData);
-            debugPrint('🎵 [YxAsr] 接收音频数据: ${audioData.length} 字节, ${samples.length} 样本');
-            // 发送音频数据到识别器进行处理
-            _stream!.acceptWaveform(sampleRate: sampleRate, samples: samples);
+          if (_isListening && !_isStartingRecording) {
+            if (_useRecognizerIsolate) {
+              final port = _recognizerCommandPort;
+              if (port != null) {
+                port.send(<String, dynamic>{
+                  'type': 'audio',
+                  'sampleRate': sampleRate,
+                  'data':
+                      TransferableTypedData.fromList(<Uint8List>[audioData]),
+                });
+              }
+              return;
+            }
+
+            if (_stream != null && _recognizer != null) {
+              // 将音频数据转换为 Float32List 格式
+              final samples = _convertToFloat32(audioData);
+              debugPrint(
+                  '🎵 [YxAsr] 接收音频数据: ${audioData.length} 字节, ${samples.length} 样本');
+              // 发送音频数据到识别器进行处理
+              _stream!.acceptWaveform(sampleRate: sampleRate, samples: samples);
+              return;
+            }
           } else {
             debugPrint(
               '❌ [YxAsr] 音频数据丢弃: stream=${_stream != null}, recognizer=${_recognizer != null}, listening=$_isListening, starting=$_isStartingRecording',
@@ -958,7 +1059,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
     debugPrint(
       '🔄 [YxAsr] 开始识别循环, partialResults: $partialResults, 速度: ${_recognitionSpeed.description} (${_recognitionSpeed.milliseconds}ms)',
     );
-    _recognitionTimer = Timer.periodic(Duration(milliseconds: _recognitionSpeed.milliseconds), (
+    _recognitionTimer =
+        Timer.periodic(Duration(milliseconds: _recognitionSpeed.milliseconds), (
       timer,
     ) {
       if (!_isListening || _stream == null || _recognizer == null) {
@@ -981,7 +1083,9 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
           debugPrint('🔍 [YxAsr] 获取识别结果: "${result.text}"');
 
           // 只有当识别结果不为空、启用了部分结果、且与上次结果不同时才发送
-          if (result.text.isNotEmpty && partialResults && result.text != _lastRecognizedText) {
+          if (result.text.isNotEmpty &&
+              partialResults &&
+              result.text != _lastRecognizedText) {
             debugPrint('🎤 [YxAsr] 发送实时识别结果: ${result.text}');
             _lastRecognizedText = result.text; // 更新最后识别的文本
 
@@ -990,9 +1094,11 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
 
             // 🆕 如果有活跃会话，同时发送到该会话的流
             if (_activeSessionId != null) {
-              _sendResultForSession(_activeSessionId!, recognizedWords: result.text);
+              _sendResultForSession(_activeSessionId!,
+                  recognizedWords: result.text);
             }
-          } else if (result.text.isNotEmpty && result.text == _lastRecognizedText) {
+          } else if (result.text.isNotEmpty &&
+              result.text == _lastRecognizedText) {
             debugPrint('🔄 [YxAsr] 跳过重复识别结果: "${result.text}"');
           }
 
@@ -1014,7 +1120,8 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   }
 
   /// 发送错误信息到错误流
-  void _sendError(SpeechRecognitionErrorType errorType, String errorMsg, String? errorCode) {
+  void _sendError(SpeechRecognitionErrorType errorType, String errorMsg,
+      String? errorCode) {
     final error = SpeechRecognitionError(
       errorType: errorType,
       errorMsg: errorMsg,
@@ -1026,14 +1133,313 @@ class YxAsrService implements SpeechRecognitionService {
   /// 清理所有资源
   Future<void> _cleanup() async {
     await _stopAudioRecording();
-    _recognitionTimer?.cancel();
-    _recognitionTimer = null;
-    _stream = null;
-    _recognizer = null;
+    if (_useRecognizerIsolate) {
+      await _recognizerIsolateStop();
+      await _disposeRecognizerIsolate();
+      _stream = null;
+      _recognizer = null;
+    } else {
+      _recognitionTimer?.cancel();
+      _recognitionTimer = null;
+      _stream = null;
+      _recognizer = null;
+    }
     _isListening = false;
     _isInitialized = false;
   }
 
+  // ==================== 🆕 recognizer isolate 实现 ====================
+
+  Future<void> _ensureRecognizerIsolate() async {
+    if (_recognizerCommandPort != null) return;
+
+    final readyPort = ReceivePort();
+    _recognizerIsolate = await Isolate.spawn(
+      _yxAsrRecognizerWorkerMain,
+      readyPort.sendPort,
+      debugName: 'yx_asr_recognizer_worker',
+    );
+
+    final SendPort commandPort = await readyPort.first as SendPort;
+    _recognizerCommandPort = commandPort;
+
+    final eventPort = ReceivePort();
+    commandPort.send(<String, dynamic>{
+      'type': 'bind',
+      'events': eventPort.sendPort,
+    });
+
+    _recognizerEventSubscription = eventPort.listen((dynamic msg) {
+      if (msg is! Map) return;
+      final type = msg['type'];
+      if (type == 'reply') {
+        final id = msg['id'] as int?;
+        if (id == null) return;
+        final c = _recognizerPending.remove(id);
+        c?.complete(Map<String, dynamic>.from(msg));
+        return;
+      }
+      if (type == 'result') {
+        final text = msg['text'] as String? ?? '';
+        if (text.isNotEmpty) {
+          _lastRecognizedText = text;
+          _sendResult(recognizedWords: text);
+          if (_activeSessionId != null) {
+            _sendResultForSession(_activeSessionId!, recognizedWords: text);
+          }
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      if (type == 'error') {
+        final errorMsg = msg['msg'] as String? ?? '后台识别错误';
+        _sendError(SpeechRecognitionErrorType.service, errorMsg, null);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  Future<Map<String, dynamic>> _callRecognizerWorker(
+    Map<String, dynamic> payload,
+  ) async {
+    await _ensureRecognizerIsolate();
+    final id = ++_recognizerRequestId;
+    final completer = Completer<Map<String, dynamic>>();
+    _recognizerPending[id] = completer;
+    _recognizerCommandPort!.send(<String, dynamic>{...payload, 'id': id});
+    return completer.future;
+  }
+
+  Future<bool> _initializeRecognizerInIsolate({
+    required String encoderPath,
+    required String decoderPath,
+    required String joinerPath,
+    required String tokensPath,
+    required int sampleRate,
+    required int featureDim,
+    required String decodingMethod,
+    required int maxActivePaths,
+    required bool enableEndpoint,
+    required double rule1MinTrailingSilence,
+    required double rule2MinTrailingSilence,
+    required double rule3MinUtteranceLength,
+    required double blankPenalty,
+  }) async {
+    final resp = await _callRecognizerWorker(<String, dynamic>{
+      'type': 'init',
+      'config': <String, dynamic>{
+        'encoder': encoderPath,
+        'decoder': decoderPath,
+        'joiner': joinerPath,
+        'tokens': tokensPath,
+        'sampleRate': sampleRate,
+        'featureDim': featureDim,
+        'decodingMethod': decodingMethod,
+        'maxActivePaths': maxActivePaths,
+        'enableEndpoint': enableEndpoint,
+        'rule1MinTrailingSilence': rule1MinTrailingSilence,
+        'rule2MinTrailingSilence': rule2MinTrailingSilence,
+        'rule3MinUtteranceLength': rule3MinUtteranceLength,
+        'blankPenalty': blankPenalty,
+      },
+    });
+    return resp['ok'] == true;
+  }
+
+  Future<bool> _recognizerIsolateStart({
+    required bool partialResults,
+    required int speedMs,
+    required int sampleRate,
+  }) async {
+    final resp = await _callRecognizerWorker(<String, dynamic>{
+      'type': 'start',
+      'partialResults': partialResults,
+      'speedMs': speedMs,
+      'sampleRate': sampleRate,
+    });
+    return resp['ok'] == true;
+  }
+
+  Future<void> _recognizerIsolateStop() async {
+    if (_recognizerCommandPort == null) return;
+    await _callRecognizerWorker(<String, dynamic>{'type': 'stop'});
+  }
+
+  Future<void> _disposeRecognizerIsolate() async {
+    final port = _recognizerCommandPort;
+    if (port == null) return;
+    try {
+      await _callRecognizerWorker(<String, dynamic>{'type': 'dispose'});
+    } catch (_) {
+      // ignore
+    }
+    await _recognizerEventSubscription?.cancel();
+    _recognizerEventSubscription = null;
+    _recognizerCommandPort = null;
+    _recognizerPending.clear();
+    _recognizerIsolate?.kill(priority: Isolate.immediate);
+    _recognizerIsolate = null;
+  }
+
+  static void _yxAsrRecognizerWorkerMain(SendPort readyPort) {
+    final commandPort = ReceivePort();
+    readyPort.send(commandPort.sendPort);
+
+    SendPort? events;
+    OnlineRecognizer? recognizer;
+    OnlineStream? stream;
+    Timer? timer;
+    String lastText = '';
+    bool partial = true;
+    int sampleRate = 16000;
+
+    Float32List convertToFloat32(Uint8List audioData) {
+      final sampleCount = audioData.length ~/ 2;
+      final samples = Float32List(sampleCount);
+      for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++) {
+        final sample16 = (audioData[i * 2 + 1] << 8) | audioData[i * 2];
+        final signedSample = sample16 > 32767 ? sample16 - 65536 : sample16;
+        samples[i] = signedSample / 32768.0;
+      }
+      return samples;
+    }
+
+    void reply(int id, bool ok, [String? error]) {
+      events?.send(<String, dynamic>{
+        'type': 'reply',
+        'id': id,
+        'ok': ok,
+        if (error != null) 'error': error,
+      });
+    }
+
+    commandPort.listen((dynamic msg) {
+      if (msg is! Map) return;
+      final type = msg['type'];
+      final id = msg['id'] as int?;
+
+      if (type == 'bind') {
+        events = msg['events'] as SendPort?;
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (type == 'init') {
+        try {
+          final c = Map<String, dynamic>.from(msg['config'] as Map);
+          final cfg = OnlineRecognizerConfig(
+            feat: FeatureConfig(
+              sampleRate: c['sampleRate'] as int,
+              featureDim: c['featureDim'] as int,
+            ),
+            model: OnlineModelConfig(
+              transducer: OnlineTransducerModelConfig(
+                encoder: c['encoder'] as String,
+                decoder: c['decoder'] as String,
+                joiner: c['joiner'] as String,
+              ),
+              tokens: c['tokens'] as String,
+            ),
+            decodingMethod: c['decodingMethod'] as String,
+            maxActivePaths: c['maxActivePaths'] as int,
+            enableEndpoint: c['enableEndpoint'] as bool,
+            rule1MinTrailingSilence:
+                (c['rule1MinTrailingSilence'] as num).toDouble(),
+            rule2MinTrailingSilence:
+                (c['rule2MinTrailingSilence'] as num).toDouble(),
+            rule3MinUtteranceLength:
+                (c['rule3MinUtteranceLength'] as num).toDouble(),
+            blankPenalty: (c['blankPenalty'] as num).toDouble(),
+          );
+
+          initBindings();
+          recognizer = OnlineRecognizer(cfg);
+          reply(id!, true);
+        } catch (e) {
+          reply(id ?? -1, false, '后台 recognizer 初始化失败: $e');
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (type == 'start') {
+        try {
+          if (recognizer == null) {
+            reply(id ?? -1, false, 'recognizer 未初始化');
+            return;
+          }
+          partial = msg['partialResults'] == true;
+          sampleRate = msg['sampleRate'] as int? ?? sampleRate;
+          final speedMs = msg['speedMs'] as int? ?? 100;
+
+          stream = recognizer!.createStream();
+          lastText = '';
+          timer?.cancel();
+          timer = Timer.periodic(Duration(milliseconds: speedMs), (_) {
+            final r = recognizer;
+            final s = stream;
+            final ev = events;
+            if (r == null || s == null || ev == null) return;
+            try {
+              if (r.isReady(s)) {
+                r.decode(s);
+                final result = r.getResult(s);
+                final text = result.text;
+                if (text.isNotEmpty && partial && text != lastText) {
+                  lastText = text;
+                  ev.send(<String, dynamic>{'type': 'result', 'text': text});
+                }
+              }
+            } catch (e) {
+              ev.send(<String, dynamic>{
+                'type': 'error',
+                'msg': '后台识别出错: $e',
+              });
+            }
+          });
+
+          reply(id!, true);
+        } catch (e) {
+          reply(id ?? -1, false, '后台启动识别失败: $e');
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (type == 'audio') {
+        try {
+          final s = stream;
+          if (s == null) return;
+          final ttd = msg['data'] as TransferableTypedData?;
+          if (ttd == null) return;
+          final bytes = ttd.materialize().asUint8List();
+          final samples = convertToFloat32(bytes);
+          s.acceptWaveform(sampleRate: sampleRate, samples: samples);
+        } catch (e) {
+          events?.send(<String, dynamic>{
+            'type': 'error',
+            'msg': '后台音频处理失败: $e',
+          });
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (type == 'stop') {
+        timer?.cancel();
+        timer = null;
+        stream = null;
+        lastText = '';
+        reply(id ?? -1, true);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (type == 'dispose') {
+        timer?.cancel();
+        timer = null;
+        stream = null;
+        recognizer = null;
+        reply(id ?? -1, true);
+        commandPort.close();
+        return;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
   /// 准备模型文件（将 assets 复制到应用文档目录）
   Future<String> _prepareModelFiles(String assetPath) async {
     try {
diff --git a/pubspec.yaml b/pubspec.yaml
index b4e5c36..8994ff4 100644
--- a/pubspec.yaml
+++ b/pubspec.yaml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 name: yx_asr
 description: 基于 sherpa_onnx 的 Flutter 语音识别插件，提供完全离线的实时语音转文字功能。支持多实例会话管理。
-version: 1.0.4
+version: 1.0.5
 homepage: https://github.com/yuanxuan/yx_asr
 
 environment:
diff --git a/test/audio/audio_file_test.dart b/test/audio/audio_file_test.dart
index faceba8..9fe7aa3 100644
--- a/test/audio/audio_file_test.dart
+++ b/test/audio/audio_file_test.dart
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import 'dart:io';
 import 'dart:typed_data';
 import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
-import 'package:yx_asr/yx_asr.dart';
 import '../mocks/mock_speech_service.dart';
 
 void main() {
@@ -27,11 +26,11 @@ void main() {
       for (final filePath in audioFiles) {
         final file = File(filePath);
         expect(file.existsSync(), true, reason: '音频文件 $filePath 应该存在');
-        
+
         // 检查文件大小
         final fileSize = await file.length();
         expect(fileSize, greaterThan(0), reason: '音频文件 $filePath 不应该为空');
-        
+
         print('✅ $filePath: ${fileSize} bytes');
       }
     });
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ void main() {
 
       // 解析WAV文件头
       final wavInfo = _parseWavHeader(audioData);
-      
+
       expect(wavInfo['sampleRate'], 16000, reason: '采样率应该是16kHz');
       expect(wavInfo['channels'], 1, reason: '应该是单声道');
       expect(wavInfo['bitsPerSample'], 16, reason: '应该是16位');
@@ -84,14 +83,14 @@ void main() {
       for (final entry in testFiles.entries) {
         final file = File(entry.key);
         final expectedSampleRate = entry.value;
-        
+
         if (file.existsSync()) {
           final audioData = await file.readAsBytes();
           final wavInfo = _parseWavHeader(audioData);
-          
-          expect(wavInfo['sampleRate'], expectedSampleRate, 
-                reason: '${entry.key} 的采样率应该是 ${expectedSampleRate}Hz');
-          
+
+          expect(wavInfo['sampleRate'], expectedSampleRate,
+              reason: '${entry.key} 的采样率应该是 ${expectedSampleRate}Hz');
+
           print('✅ ${entry.key}: ${wavInfo['sampleRate']}Hz');
         }
       }
@@ -100,20 +99,20 @@ void main() {
     test('应该能够提取音频PCM数据', () async {
       final file = File('test/test_wavs/0.wav');
       final audioData = await file.readAsBytes();
-      
+
       // 提取PCM数据
       final pcmData = _extractPcmData(audioData);
       expect(pcmData.length, greaterThan(0), reason: 'PCM数据不应该为空');
-      
+
       // 转换为Float32格式（模拟sherpa_onnx需要的格式）
       final float32Data = _convertToFloat32(pcmData);
-      expect(float32Data.length, pcmData.length ~/ 2, 
-            reason: 'Float32数据长度应该是Int16数据长度的一半');
-      
+      expect(float32Data.length, pcmData.length ~/ 2,
+          reason: 'Float32数据长度应该是Int16数据长度的一半');
+
       print('✅ PCM数据提取成功:');
       print('   - 原始数据: ${pcmData.length} bytes');
       print('   - Float32数据: ${float32Data.length} samples');
-      
+
       // 验证数据范围
       bool validRange = true;
       for (final sample in float32Data) {
@@ -130,29 +129,29 @@ void main() {
       final audioData = await file.readAsBytes();
       final pcmData = _extractPcmData(audioData);
       final float32Data = _convertToFloat32(pcmData);
-      
+
       // 模拟识别过程
       bool resultReceived = false;
       String recognizedText = '';
-      
+
       mockService.onResult.listen((result) {
         resultReceived = true;
         recognizedText = result.recognizedWords;
       });
-      
+
       // 模拟开始识别
       await mockService.startListening();
       expect(mockService.isListening, true);
-      
+
       // 模拟发送音频数据（在真实场景中，这会是sherpa_onnx处理的）
       // 这里我们直接模拟识别结果
       mockService.mockResult('测试音频识别结果');
-      
+
       // 验证结果
       await Future.delayed(const Duration(milliseconds: 10));
       expect(resultReceived, true, reason: '应该接收到识别结果');
       expect(recognizedText, '测试音频识别结果');
-      
+
       print('✅ 音频识别模拟测试通过');
       print('   - 音频数据: ${float32Data.length} samples');
       print('   - 识别结果: $recognizedText');
@@ -163,22 +162,23 @@ void main() {
 /// 解析WAV文件头信息
 Map<String, int> _parseWavHeader(Uint8List data) {
   final view = ByteData.sublistView(data);
-  
+
   // 跳过RIFF头部，找到fmt chunk
   int offset = 12;
   while (offset < data.length - 8) {
     final chunkId = String.fromCharCodes(data.sublist(offset, offset + 4));
     final chunkSize = view.getUint32(offset + 4, Endian.little);
-    
+
     if (chunkId == 'fmt ') {
       final sampleRate = view.getUint32(offset + 12, Endian.little);
       final channels = view.getUint16(offset + 10, Endian.little);
       final bitsPerSample = view.getUint16(offset + 22, Endian.little);
-      
+
       // 找到data chunk
       int dataOffset = offset + 8 + chunkSize;
       while (dataOffset < data.length - 8) {
-        final dataChunkId = String.fromCharCodes(data.sublist(dataOffset, dataOffset + 4));
+        final dataChunkId =
+            String.fromCharCodes(data.sublist(dataOffset, dataOffset + 4));
         if (dataChunkId == 'data') {
           final dataLength = view.getUint32(dataOffset + 4, Endian.little);
           return {
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ Map<String, int> _parseWavHeader(Uint8List data) {
     }
     offset += 8 + chunkSize;
   }
-  
+
   throw Exception('无法解析WAV文件头');
 }
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ Uint8List _extractPcmData(Uint8List wavData) {
   final wavInfo = _parseWavHeader(wavData);
   final dataOffset = wavInfo['dataOffset']!;
   final dataLength = wavInfo['dataLength']!;
-  
+
   return wavData.sublist(dataOffset, dataOffset + dataLength);
 }
 
@@ -212,10 +212,10 @@ Uint8List _extractPcmData(Uint8List wavData) {
 Float32List _convertToFloat32(Uint8List pcmData) {
   final int16Data = Int16List.view(pcmData.buffer);
   final float32Data = Float32List(int16Data.length);
-  
+
   for (int i = 0; i < int16Data.length; i++) {
     float32Data[i] = int16Data[i] / 32768.0;
   }
-  
+
   return float32Data;
 }
diff --git a/test/performance/speech_recognition_performance_test.dart b/test/performance/speech_recognition_performance_test.dart
index 8c4421b..40d658a 100644
--- a/test/performance/speech_recognition_performance_test.dart
+++ b/test/performance/speech_recognition_performance_test.dart
@@ -1,8 +1,75 @@
+import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
 import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
 import 'package:yx_asr/yx_asr.dart';
 import '../mocks/mock_speech_service.dart';
 
 void main() {
+  TestWidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
+
+  // Mock platform channels used by YxAsrService dependencies
+  const recordChannel = MethodChannel('com.llfbandit.record/messages');
+  const permissionsChannel =
+      MethodChannel('flutter.baseflow.com/permissions/methods');
+  const pathProviderChannel = MethodChannel('plugins.flutter.io/path_provider');
+
+  TestDefaultBinaryMessengerBinding.instance.defaultBinaryMessenger
+      .setMockMethodCallHandler(recordChannel, (call) async {
+    switch (call.method) {
+      case 'create':
+      case 'pause':
+      case 'resume':
+      case 'start':
+      case 'startStream':
+      case 'stop':
+      case 'cancel':
+      case 'dispose':
+        return null;
+      case 'hasPermission':
+        return true;
+      case 'isPaused':
+        return false;
+      case 'isRecording':
+        return false;
+      case 'getAmplitude':
+        return {'current': 0.0, 'max': 0.0};
+      case 'isEncoderSupported':
+        return true;
+      case 'listInputDevices':
+        return <dynamic>[];
+      default:
+        return null;
+    }
+  });
+
+  TestDefaultBinaryMessengerBinding.instance.defaultBinaryMessenger
+      .setMockMethodCallHandler(permissionsChannel, (call) async {
+    switch (call.method) {
+      case 'checkPermissionStatus':
+        return 1; // PermissionStatus.granted
+      case 'requestPermissions':
+        final perms = (call.arguments as List).cast<int>();
+        return {for (final p in perms) p: 1};
+      case 'checkServiceStatus':
+        return 1; // ServiceStatus.enabled
+      case 'openAppSettings':
+        return true;
+      default:
+        return 1;
+    }
+  });
+
+  TestDefaultBinaryMessengerBinding.instance.defaultBinaryMessenger
+      .setMockMethodCallHandler(pathProviderChannel, (call) async {
+    switch (call.method) {
+      case 'getApplicationDocumentsDirectory':
+      case 'getTemporaryDirectory':
+      case 'getApplicationSupportDirectory':
+        return '/tmp';
+      default:
+        return '/tmp';
+    }
+  });
+
   group('语音识别性能测试', () {
     late MockSpeechService mockService;
 
diff --git a/test/speech_recognition_service.dart b/test/speech_recognition_service.dart
index 2a0332a..e593144 100644
--- a/test/speech_recognition_service.dart
+++ b/test/speech_recognition_service.dart
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import 'dart:async';
 import 'dart:io';
-import 'dart:typed_data';
 import 'dart:math';
 import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart';
 import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
diff --git a/test/unit/models_test.dart b/test/unit/models_test.dart
index b83b36a..488951a 100644
--- a/test/unit/models_test.dart
+++ b/test/unit/models_test.dart
@@ -18,13 +18,15 @@ void main() {
 
       final map = result.toMap();
       expect(map['recognizedWords'], '测试');
-      expect(map['confidence'], 0.8);
-      expect(map['alternatives'], []);
+      // 当前 SpeechRecognitionResult 仅包含 recognizedWords 字段
+      expect(map.containsKey('confidence'), false);
+      expect(map.containsKey('alternatives'), false);
     });
 
     test('应该正确从 Map 创建', () {
       final map = {
         'recognizedWords': '从Map创建',
+        // 允许包含其他字段，但当前实现会忽略
         'finalResult': true,
         'confidence': 0.9,
         'alternatives': ['备选'],
diff --git a/test/unit/yx_asr_service_test.dart b/test/unit/yx_asr_service_test.dart
index a08d10e..db983ef 100644
--- a/test/unit/yx_asr_service_test.dart
+++ b/test/unit/yx_asr_service_test.dart
@@ -1,7 +1,64 @@
+import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
 import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
 import 'package:yx_asr/yx_asr.dart';
 
 void main() {
+  // YxAsrService 构造过程会触发 platform channel 相关逻辑，先初始化绑定避免 ServicesBinding 未初始化
+  TestWidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
+
+  // Mock platform channels used by dependencies (record / permission_handler)
+  const recordChannel = MethodChannel('com.llfbandit.record/messages');
+  const permissionsChannel =
+      MethodChannel('flutter.baseflow.com/permissions/methods');
+
+  TestDefaultBinaryMessengerBinding.instance.defaultBinaryMessenger
+      .setMockMethodCallHandler(recordChannel, (call) async {
+    switch (call.method) {
+      case 'create':
+      case 'pause':
+      case 'resume':
+      case 'start':
+      case 'startStream':
+      case 'stop':
+      case 'cancel':
+      case 'dispose':
+        return null;
+      case 'hasPermission':
+        return true;
+      case 'isPaused':
+        return false;
+      case 'isRecording':
+        return false;
+      case 'getAmplitude':
+        return {'current': 0.0, 'max': 0.0};
+      case 'isEncoderSupported':
+        return true;
+      case 'listInputDevices':
+        return <dynamic>[];
+      default:
+        return null;
+    }
+  });
+
+  TestDefaultBinaryMessengerBinding.instance.defaultBinaryMessenger
+      .setMockMethodCallHandler(permissionsChannel, (call) async {
+    switch (call.method) {
+      case 'checkPermissionStatus':
+        // PermissionStatus.granted (int)
+        return 1;
+      case 'requestPermissions':
+        final perms = (call.arguments as List).cast<int>();
+        return {for (final p in perms) p: 1};
+      case 'checkServiceStatus':
+        // ServiceStatus.enabled (int)
+        return 1;
+      case 'openAppSettings':
+        return true;
+      default:
+        return 1;
+    }
+  });
+
   group('YxAsrService 单元测试', () {
     late YxAsrService service;
 
@@ -100,13 +157,15 @@ void main() {
 
       final map = result.toMap();
       expect(map['recognizedWords'], '测试');
-      expect(map['confidence'], 0.8);
-      expect(map['alternatives'], []);
+      // 当前 SpeechRecognitionResult 仅包含 recognizedWords 字段
+      expect(map.containsKey('confidence'), false);
+      expect(map.containsKey('alternatives'), false);
     });
 
     test('应该正确从 Map 创建', () {
       final map = {
         'recognizedWords': '从Map创建',
+        // 允许包含其他字段，但当前实现会忽略
         'finalResult': true,
         'confidence': 0.9,
         'alternatives': ['备选'],
diff --git a/test/widget/recording_button_test.dart b/test/widget/recording_button_test.dart
index e2c376f..364f72c 100644
--- a/test/widget/recording_button_test.dart
+++ b/test/widget/recording_button_test.dart
@@ -27,17 +27,17 @@ void main() {
         ),
       );
 
-      // 等待初始化完成
-      await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+      // 当前组件采用懒加载初始化：build 时不初始化服务
+      await tester.pump();
 
       // 验证按钮存在
       expect(find.byType(RecordingButton), findsOneWidget);
 
-      // 验证默认图标（麦克风）
-      expect(find.byIcon(Icons.mic), findsOneWidget);
+      // 验证默认图标（麦克风，rounded）
+      expect(find.byIcon(Icons.mic_rounded), findsOneWidget);
 
       // 验证没有停止图标
-      expect(find.byIcon(Icons.stop), findsNothing);
+      expect(find.byIcon(Icons.stop_rounded), findsNothing);
     });
 
     testWidgets('应该正确处理点击事件', (WidgetTester tester) async {
@@ -58,10 +58,12 @@ void main() {
         ),
       );
 
-      await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+      await tester.pump();
 
       // 点击按钮开始录音
       await tester.tap(find.byType(RecordingButton), warnIfMissed: false);
+      // 等待懒加载初始化（MockSpeechService.initialize 有 100ms 延迟）
+      await tester.pump(const Duration(milliseconds: 150));
       await tester.pump();
 
       // 验证服务状态
@@ -88,26 +90,26 @@ void main() {
         ),
       );
 
-      await tester.pumpAndSettle();
-
-      // 初始状态应该显示麦克风图标
-      expect(find.byIcon(Icons.mic), findsOneWidget);
-
-      // 模拟开始录音
-      mockService.mockStatusChange(true);
       await tester.pump();
 
-      // 应该显示停止图标（注意：需要等待状态更新）
-      await tester.pumpAndSettle();
-      // 由于是模拟服务，图标可能不会立即改变，我们验证组件仍然存在
-      expect(find.byType(RecordingButton), findsOneWidget);
+      // 初始状态应该显示麦克风图标
+      expect(find.byIcon(Icons.mic_rounded), findsOneWidget);
+
+      // 点击触发懒加载初始化并开始录音
+      await tester.tap(find.byType(RecordingButton), warnIfMissed: false);
+      await tester.pump(const Duration(milliseconds: 150));
+      // 注意：CircularProgressIndicator 为持续动画，避免 pumpAndSettle 超时
+      await tester.pump(const Duration(milliseconds: 50));
+
+      // 应该显示停止图标（rounded）
+      expect(find.byIcon(Icons.stop_rounded), findsOneWidget);
 
       // 模拟停止录音
       mockService.mockStatusChange(false);
       await tester.pumpAndSettle();
 
-      // 验证组件仍然正常工作
-      expect(find.byType(RecordingButton), findsOneWidget);
+      // 应该恢复麦克风图标（rounded）
+      expect(find.byIcon(Icons.mic_rounded), findsOneWidget);
     });
 
     testWidgets('应该正确处理错误', (WidgetTester tester) async {
@@ -128,7 +130,12 @@ void main() {
         ),
       );
 
-      await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+      await tester.pump();
+
+      // 懒加载初始化：先点击一次让组件订阅 error 流
+      await tester.tap(find.byType(RecordingButton), warnIfMissed: false);
+      await tester.pump(const Duration(milliseconds: 150));
+      await tester.pump();
 
       // 模拟错误
       mockService.mockError(
@@ -160,12 +167,13 @@ void main() {
         ),
       );
 
-      await tester.pumpAndSettle();
-
-      // 模拟状态变化
-      mockService.mockStatusChange(true);
       await tester.pump();
 
+      // 点击触发懒加载初始化并开始录音，会触发状态回调
+      await tester.tap(find.byType(RecordingButton), warnIfMissed: false);
+      await tester.pump(const Duration(milliseconds: 150));
+      await tester.pump(const Duration(milliseconds: 50));
+
       // 验证状态变化回调
       expect(statusChanged, true);
       expect(lastStatus, true);
@@ -235,7 +243,13 @@ void main() {
         ),
       );
 
-      await tester.pumpAndSettle();
+      await tester.pump();
+
+      // 懒加载初始化：点击触发初始化失败并回调错误
+      await tester.tap(find.byType(RecordingButton), warnIfMissed: false);
+      // 避免 pumpAndSettle 超时（progress indicator 持续动画）
+      await tester.pump(const Duration(milliseconds: 200));
+      await tester.pump();
 
       // 验证错误被正确处理
       expect(errorReceived, true);